Pennsylvania Handbook of Best Management Practices
for Developing Areas
Appendix H -- Plant Lists for Wetland Management
| Table
H-1. References to Wetland Ecology and Habitat Information
|
| Author/Year
|
Title
|
Description
|
| Dennison
and Berry, eds. (1993) |
Wetlands/
Guide to Science, Law, and Technology |
Regulatory
definitions; general wetland ecology; types of wetlands; delineation;
mitigation; risk assessment |
| Hammer (1992)
|
Creating
Freshwater Wetlands |
Handbook
on types of wetlands, wetland structure and function, wetland creation,
and operation and maintenance |
| Kadlec and
Knight (1996) |
Treatment
Wetlands |
Includes
chapters on wetland ecology including water quality, soils, vegetation,
and fauna |
| Majumdar
et al. eds. (1989) |
Wetlands
Ecology and Conservation: Emphasis in Pennsylvania |
Collected
chapters on wetland classification, hydrology, surface water quality,
plant and animal communities, assessment and restoration, and recreation
|
| Marble (1992)
|
A Guide
to Wetland Functional Design |
Guidebook
to designing wetlands for habitat creation, restoration, and mitigation;
describes wetland hydrology, chemistry, sediment interactions, foodchain
support functions, and design for wildlife habitat |
| Merritt (1994)
|
Wetlands,
Industry & Wildlife |
Handbook
on creating and managing wetlands for wildlife habitat in the context
of industrial development |
| Mitsch and
Gosselink (1993) |
Wetlands
|
Complete
textbook covering all facets of wetland ecology; hydrology; biogeochemistry;
biological adaptations; ecosystem-level processes; wetland types;
wetland management |
| Niering (1985)
|
Wetlands
|
Audubon Society
nature field guide to wetland ecology; types of wetlands; descriptions
and photographs of wetland flora and fauna |
| Payne (1992)
|
Techniques
for Wildlife Habitat Management of Wetlands |
Guidebook
to creation of wetlands with focus on creation of wildlife habitat
|
Listing H-1. Aquatic and Wetland Plants That Can Be Used in Constructed
Wetlands.
Acer negundo
Common Name: Box elder
Growth Form: Tree
Persistence: Perennial; deciduous
Growth/Spread Rate: Fast; 4.5 to 6 m / 5 yrs
Vegetative Growth Method:
Spacing:
Propagules: Container
Habitat: Forested wetlands
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Songbirds; waterbirds; small mammals
Water Regime: Irregular to regular inundation or saturation
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; resistant to salt water
Acer rubrum
Common Name: Red maple
Growth Form: Tree
Persistence: Perennial; deciduous
Growth/Spread Rate: Medium to fast; 5 to 7 m/ 10 yrs
Vegetative Growth Method:
Spacing:
Propagules: Seed; whip; bare root
Habitat: Fresh marsh; swamp; alluvial woods
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Gamebirds; songbirds; browsers
Water Regime: Irregular to seasonally inundated or saturated
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; < 0.5 ppt
Acorus calamus
Common Name: Sweet flag
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Moderate; 15 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.3 to 0.9 m O.C.
Propagules: Rhizome; bare root plant
Habitat: Fresh to brackish marshes
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Waterfowl; muskrat
Water Regime: Regular to permanent inundation; < 15 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh to brackish; < 10 ppt
Alnus serrulata
Common Name: Smooth alder
Growth Form: Shrub
Persistence: Perennial; deciduos
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid; 60 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method:
Spacing:
Propagules: Container
Habitat: Fresh marshes and swamps
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Songbirds; gamebirds; ducks; woodcock; blackbirds;
beaver
Water Regime: Seasonal to regular inundation; up to 7 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; < 0.5 ppt
Carex spp.
Common Name: Sedges
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Slow to rapid
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.15 to 1.8 m O.C.
Propagules: Seed; bare root plant
Habitat: Fresh marshes; swamps; lake edges
Shade Tolerance: Full shade to full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Rails; sparrows; snipe; songbirds; ducks;
moose
Water Regime: Irregularly to permanently inundated; <015 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; <0.5 ppt
Cepahlanthus occidentalis
Common Name: Buttonbush
Growth Form: Shrub
Persistence: Perennial; deciduous
Growth/Spread Rate: Medium; 30 to 60 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method:
Spacing:
Propagules: Seedling; bare rootplant
Habitat: Fresh marshes; swamps; edge of ponds
Shade Tolerance: Full shade to full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; deer; rails; blackbirds; muskrats;
beaver
Water Regime: Irregular to permanent inundation; up to 90 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; tolerates infrequent salt water
Ceratophyllum demersum
Common Name: Coontail
Growth Form: Submerged aquatic
Persistence: Perennial
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid
Vegetative Growth Method: Fragmentation
Spacing:
Propagules: Whole Plant
Habitat: Lakes; Slow Streams
Shade Tolerance:
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; coots; geese; grebes; swans; marshbirds;
muskrats
Water Regime: Regular to permanent inundation; 0.3 to 1.5 m
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; <0.05 ppt
Cyperus esculentus
Common Name: Chufa
Growth Form: Emergent herbaceous
Persistence: Perrenial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing:
Propagules: Seed; tuber
Habitat: Fresh marshes; wet meadows
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Waterfowl; songbirds; small mammals
Water Regime: Irregular to regular inundation; <0.3 m
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; <0.5 ppt
Eichhornia crassipes
Common Name: Water hyacinth
Growth Form: Non-rooted floating aquatic
Persistence: Perennial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid
Vegetative Growth Method: Stolons
Spacing:
Propagules: Whole plants
Habitat: Fresh water ponds and sluggish streams
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Coots; cover for invertebrates and fish
Water Regime: Permanent inundation
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; < 0.5 ppt
Hydrocotyle umbellata
Common Name: Water-pennywort
Growth Form: Emergent to floating; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid
Vegetative Growth Method: Stolons or rhizomes
Spacing:
Propagules: Bare root plant; whole plant
Habitat: Shorelines; shallow marshes
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Wildfowl; waterfowl
Water Regime: Regular to permanent inundation;<30 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; <0.5 ppt
Iris versicolor
Common Name: Blue flag
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Slow; <60 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Bulb
Spacing: 0.15 to 0.45 m O.C.
Propagules: Seed; bulb; bare root plant
Habitat: Marshes; wet meadows; swamps
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Muskrat; wildfowl; marsh birds
Water Regime: Regular to permanent inundation; <15 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh to moderately brackish
Juncus effusus
Common Name: Soft rush
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; persistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Slow; <6 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.15 to 0.45 m O.C.
Propagules: Seed; rhizome; bare root plant
Habitat: Marshes; shrub swamps; wet meadows
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Wildfowl; marshbirds; songbirds; waterfowl
Water Regime: Regular to permanent inundation; <30 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; <0.5 ppt
Lemna minor
Common Name: Common duckweed
Growth Form: Non-rooted floating aquatic
Persistence: Perennial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid
Vegetative Growth Method: Fragmentation
Spacing:
Propagules: Whole plant
Habitat: Lakes and ponds
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; gallinules; coots; rails; geese; beaver;
muskrat; small mammals
Water Regime: Permanent inundation
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; <0.05 ppt
Nuphar luteum
Common Name: Spatterdock
Growth Form: Rooted floating to emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Slow; <6 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.15 to 0.45 m O.C.
Propagules: Bare root plant
Habitat: Marshes; swamps; ponds
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; muskrat; fish
Water Regime: Regular to permanent inundation; up to 1.8 m
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water to infrequent brackish
Nymphea odorata
Common Name: Fragent water
lily
Growth Form: Rooted floating aquatic
Persistence: Perennial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate:
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing:
Propagules: Bare root seedling
Habitat: Ponds and lakes
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Cranes; ducks; beaver; muskrat; moose
Water Regime: Permanent inundation; 0.3 to 0.9 m
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; <0.05 ppt
Nyssa sylvatica
Common Name: Black gum
Growth Form: Tree
Persistence: Perennial; deciduous
Growth/Spread Rate: Slow
Vegetative Growth Method: Suckers
Spacing:
Propagules: Seed; bare root plant
Habitat: Forested wetlands; swamps
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; woodpeckers; songbirds; aquatic furbearers
Water Regime: Irregular to permanent inundation
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water to infrequent brackish
Pontederia cordata
Common Name: Pickerelweed
Growth Form: Emergent herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Moderate; 15 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.3 to 0.9 m O.C.
Propagules: Rhizome; bare root plant
Habitat: Fresh to brackish marshes; edges of ponds
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; muskrat; fish
Water Regime: Regular to permanent; up to 30 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh to moderately brackish; up to 3 ppt
Populus deltoides
Common Name: Eastern cottonwood
Growth Form: Tree
Persistence: Perennial; deciduous
Growth/Spread Rate: Fast; 1.2 to 1.5 m/yr
Vegetative Growth Method:
Spacing:
Propagules: Bare root plant; container
Habitat: Forested wetlands
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Gamebirds; songbirds; waterfowl; aquatic furbearers;
browsers
Water Regime: Seasonal inundation or saturation
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water to infrequent brackish
Potamogeton nodosus
Common Name: Long-leaved
pond weed
Growth Form: Rooted submerged aquatic
Persistence: Perrenial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.6 to 1.8 m O.C.
Propagules: Seed; bare root plant
Habitat: Streams; lakes; ponds
Shade Tolerance:
Wildlife Benefits: Waterfowl; marshbirds; shorebirds; aquatic
furbearers; moose; fish
Water Regime: Regular to permanent inundation; 0.3 to 1.8 m
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; <0.05 ppt
Quercus bicolor
Common Name: Swamp white
oak
Growth Form: Tree
Persistence: Perennial; deciduous
Growth/Spread Rate: Fast; 0.4 to 0.6 m/yr
Vegetative Growth Method:
Spacing:
Propagules: Bare root plant; container
Habitat: Forested wetlands
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Waterfowl; marshbirds; shorebirds; gamebirds;
songbirds; mammals
Water Regime: Irregular to seasonal inundation or saturation
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water to infrequent brackish
Rosa palustris
Common Name: Swamp rose
Growth Form: Shrub
Persistence: Perennial; deciduous
Growth/Spread Rate:
Vegetative Growth Method:
Spacing:
Propagules: Container
Habitat: Fresh marshes; shrub swamps
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Songbirds; gamebirds
Water Regime: Irregular to regular soil saturation
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; < 0.5 ppt
Sagittaria latifolia
Common Name: Duck potato
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid; > 30 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Runners; tubers
Spacing: 0.6 to 1.8 m O.C.
Propagules: Tuber; bare root plant
Habitat: Fresh marshes; swamps; edge of ponds
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; swans; rails; muskrats; beaver
Water Regime: Regular to permanent inundation; up to 60 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; <0.5 ppt
Salix nigra
Common Name: Black willow
Growth Form: Tree
Persistence: Perennial; deciduous
Growth/Spread Rate: Fast; 0.9 to 1.8 m/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Suckers
Spacing:
Propagules: Bare root; container
Habitat: Fresh marshes; swamps
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Gamebirds; ducks; songbirds; woodpeckers;
aquatic mammals
Water Regime: Irregular to permanent inundation
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; < 0.5 ppt
Scirpus acutus
Common Name: Hardstem
bulrush
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; persistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.9 to 1.8 m O.C.
Propagules: Seed; rhizome
Habitat: Fresh tobrackish marshes
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; geese; swans; cranes; shorebirds; rails;
snipe; muskrats; fish
Water Regime: Regular to permanent; up to 90 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh to brackish
Scirpus americanus
Common Name: Olney's bulrush
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; semi-persistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid; > 30 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.6 to 1.8 m O.C.
Propagules: Rhizome; bare root plant
Habitat: Brackish and alkali marshes
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; geese; swans; cranes; shorebirds; rails;
snipe; muskrats; fish
Water Regime: Regular to permanent inundation; up to 30 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh to brackish water; up to 15 ppt
Scirpus cyperinus
Common Name: Wool grass
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; persistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Moderate; 15 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.3 to 0.9 m O.C.
Propagules: Rhizome; bare root plant
Habitat: Fresh marshes; wet meadows; sloughs; swamps
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; geese; swans; cranes; shorebirds; rails;
snipe; muskrats; fish
Water Regime: Irregular to seasonal inundation
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; < 0.5 ppt
Scirpus validus
Common Name: Soft stem
bulrush
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; persistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid; > 30 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.6 to 1.8 m O.C.
Propagules: Rhizome; bare root plant
Habitat: Fresh and brackish marshes
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; geese; swans; cranes; shorebirds; rails;
snipe; muskrats; fish
Water Regime: Regular to permanent inundation; up to 30 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh to brackish water; up to 5 ppt
Sparganium eurycarpum
Common Name: Giant bur-reed
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; nonpersistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid; > 30 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.6 to 1.8 m O.C.
Propagules: Seed; rhizome; bare root plant
Habitat: Marshes; swamps; pond shorelines
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Ducks; swan; geese; beaver; muskrat;
Water Regime: Regular to permanent inundation; up to 30 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; < 0.5 ppt
Taxodium distichum
Common Name: Bald cypress
Growth Form: Tree
Persistence: Perennial; deciduous
Growth/Spread Rate: Medium; 0.3 to 0.6 m/yr
Vegetative Growth Method:
Spacing:
Propagules: Seed; bare root; container
Habitat: Fresh water swamps; pond and lake margins
Shade Tolerance: Partial shade
Wildlife Benefits: Perching and nesting site for birds
Water Regime: Irregular to permanent inundation
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; < 0.5 ppt
Typha angustifolia
Common Name: Narrow-leaved
cattail
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; persistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid; > 30 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.6 to 1.8 m O.C.
Propagules: Rhizome; bare root plant
Habitat: Fresh and brackish marshes; pond edges
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Geese; ducks; muskrats; beaver; blackbirds;
fish
Water Regime: Irregular to permanent inundation; up to 30 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh to brackish; up to 15 ppt
Typha latifolia
Common Name: Broad-leaved
cattail
Growth Form: Emergent; herbaceous
Persistence: Perennial; persistent
Growth/Spread Rate: Rapid; > 30 cm/yr
Vegetative Growth Method: Rhizome
Spacing: 0.6 to 1.8 m O.C.
Propagules: Rhizome; bare root plant
Habitat: Fresh marshes; pond margins
Shade Tolerance: Full sun
Wildlife Benefits: Geese; ducks; muskrats; beaver; blackbirds;
fish
Water Regime: Irregular to permanent inundation; up to 30 cm
Salinity Tolerance: Fresh water; < 0.5 ppt
Source: Adapted with modifications from Thunhorst (1993).
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